In the transition state involving the virtual particles ( γ, W± and Z˚) before the decay, b 7 and b 8 emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b 8 to decay into K + µ + µ −. b 7 is the observable B, while b 8 is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the SM. This paper proposes that the violation is derived from the binary isotope mixture of two beauty-quarks, b 7 (4979 MeV mass) and b 8 (143,258 MeV mass) whose masses are calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. As shown in this paper, the new physics from the violation of lepton universality actually confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles. In the previous papers -, the SM’s shortcoming to account for the mass hierarchy of elementary particles is solved by the periodic table of elementary particles where the masses of all leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, the Higgs boson, and hadrons can be calculated precisely, and the calculated masses are in excellent agreement with the observed masses. Since the SM is unable to explain cosmological observations of the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, or the mass hierarchy of elementary particles, the new physics derived from the violation of lepton universality can explain the SM’s shortcomings. If confirmed by future measurements, this violation of lepton universality would imply new physics beyond the Standard Model. The measurement has a significance of 3.1 standard deviations. The observed R K is 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the SM. Lepton universality of the SM predicts that the ratio ( R K) of branching fractions for B + → K + µ + µ − and B + → K +e +e − decays is 1. A beauty meson (B +) transforms into a strange meson (K +) with the emission of leptons (ℓ +ℓ −) which is either electron-positron (e +e −) or muon-antimuon ( µ + µ −). A recent measurement of beauty-quark decays based on proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider shows the evidence for the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays. Lepton universality has been confirmed in a wide range of particle decays. In lepton universality of the SM, the different charged leptons, the electron, muon and tau, have identical electroweak interaction strengths. The agreement between the calculated RK and the observed RK confirms the validity of the periodic table of elementary particles which provides the answers for the dominance of matter over antimatter, dark-matter, and the mass hierarchy of elementary particles.įor about sixty years, the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has provided the model for various properties and interactions of fundamental particles, and has been confirmed by numerous experiments. Since b 7 decays into K +, e +e -, and μ + μ -, while b 8 decays into K +, e +e -, and forbidden μ + μ -, the calculated ratio (RK) of branching fractions for B + → K + μ + μ - and B + → K +e +e - is 0.5/(0.1864 × 0.5+ 0.5) = 0.843 in excellent agreement with the observed 0.846. The rates of emergence as the rates of diffuse in Graham’s law of diffusion are proportional to inverse square root of mass. In the transition state involving the virtual particles ( γ, W± and Z °) before the decay, b 7 and b 8 emerge to form the binary isotope mixture from B. The preservation of the generation number symmetry forbids b 8 to decay into K + μ + μ. b 7 is the observable B, while b 8 is the hidden B to preserve the generation number symmetry between the three lepton family generations and the three quark family generations in the Standard Model. The ratio ( R K) of branching fractions for B + → K + μ + μ - and B + → K +e +e - decays is measured to be R K = 0.846 instead of 1 in the violation of lepton universality in the Standard Model. A beauty meson (B +) transforms into a strange meson (K +) with the emission of either electron-positron (e +e -) or muon-antimuon ( μ + μ -). This paper purposes an explanation for the recent evidence for the violation of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider.
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